Welding time from deposition rate

Calculates cross-section area, volume, deposited mass, and required filler mass for an equal-leg fillet weld.

Calculates shielding gas volume from gas flow rate and welding time.

Divides required filler area by deposited area per pass and returns both continuous and rounded-up pass count.

Calculates P = U I and net linear heat input H = η U I / v with inverse modes for H, U, I, v, and η.

Calculates acceleration from velocity change and time.

Calculates average speed from distance in kilometers and time in hours.